生存行为、2026年日落条款以及虐待老人例外条款
除了死亡赔偿诉讼外,加州的一个家庭通常会依据《民事诉讼法》第377.30条和第377.34条提起一项独立的生存诉讼。生存诉讼涵盖的损失与死亡赔偿诉讼不同。理解其中的区别很重要,因为加州关于生存诉讼的法律将于2026年1月1日起发生重要变更。.
幸存者行动涵盖了什么
生存权诉讼旨在追回死者本人在死亡前因所遭受的损害而有权获得的赔偿。该诉讼由死者的遗嘱执行人(遗产的执行人或管理人)提起,若无遗嘱执行人,则由依《加州民事诉讼法典》第377.32条的利益继承人提起。《民事诉讼法典》第377.34(a)条将生存权诉讼的损害赔偿限制在“死者在死亡前遭受或发生的损失或损害”。”
对于在2026年1月1日或之后提起的生存诉讼,可追回的类别为:
- The decedent’s pre-death medical expenses, subject to the 豪威尔 limitation
- The decedent’s lost wages and lost earning capacity between injury and death
- Other economic losses (property damage, out-of-pocket expenses)
- 如果死者幸存,本应有权获得的惩罚性或惩戒性损害赔偿
The Expired Pain and Suffering Exception
从2022年1月1日至2025年12月31日,加州暂时允许提起生存诉讼,以追回死者生前遭受的痛苦、折磨和毁容。民事诉讼法典§ 377.34(b)。该临时窗口已关闭。对于在2026年1月1日或之后提起的生存诉讼,§ 377.34(a)的默认规则将再次适用,在普通的生存诉讼中,死者生前遭受的痛苦和折磨损害将不可追回。. Vallejo City Unified School Dist. v. Superior Court, 118 Cal.App.5th 139 (2025).
This change matters for case valuation. In a case where the decedent suffered for hours or months between injury and death (a typical fact pattern in catastrophic auto crash cases, severe medical malpractice cases, or burn injury cases), the recoverable damages have decreased meaningfully under post-sunset law. Wrongful death damages to the surviving family (which compensate for the heirs’ losses, not the decedent’s) are not affected by this change.
The Elder Abuse Exception: Why It Matters
一个重要的例外使得即使在§ 377.34(b)失效后,仍然可以获得死者生前痛苦和折磨的赔偿。根据《老年人虐待和被扶养成年人民事保护法》,当通过明确且令人信服的证据证明存在鲁莽、压迫、欺诈或恶意造成的身体虐待、疏忽或遗弃时,§ 377.34的限制不适用。Welf. & Inst. Code § 15657(b)。这意味着,在老年人虐待案件中,即使同样的事实在非老年人虐待案件中不允许此类赔偿,家属仍然可以获得死者生前痛苦和折磨的赔偿。.
对于其年长亲人在养老院、辅助生活设施或护理人员的照管下遭受严重伤害的家庭来说,这项例外规定可以使原本的经济损失赔偿案件从适度赔偿变为可观赔偿,足以弥补逝者所承受的痛苦。.
死亡赔偿和生存权诉讼的合并
民事诉讼法典§ 377.62 特别授权合并和统一因相同不法行为引起的死亡原因诉讼和生存权诉讼。 在实践中,大多数案件就是这样进行的:一份包含单独诉因的诉状、单一的证据开示程序、单一的审判,并要求陪审团在两种诉因之间分配损害赔偿。民事诉讼法典§ 377.61 规定,死亡原因诉讼的损害赔偿不得包括根据§ 377.34(生存权诉讼法规)可获得的损害赔偿,以防止双重救济。.
Workers’ Compensation Exclusivity in Wrongful Death
If your loved one died in the course of their employment, the family’s options are different from an ordinary wrongful death case. Labor Code § 3602 establishes workers’ compensation as the exclusive remedy against an employer in most workplace fatalities. The family is entitled to workers’ compensation death benefits, but the broader categories of damages available in a wrongful death lawsuit (loss of society, full economic loss, punitive damages) are not available against the employer through that mechanism.
劳动法典第 3602(b) 条的三项法定例外允许针对雇主的错误死亡侵权诉讼:
- Willful physical assault by the employer. 真实的故意攻击,而非疏忽,由实际雇主(或足够高阶的雇主代理人)实施。.
- Fraudulent concealment. The employer fraudulently concealed the existence of the employee’s injury and its connection with employment, and the concealment aggravated the injury.
- 雇主制造的缺陷产品。. 死亡是由雇主制造并出售、出租或以其他方式转让给独立第三方的一个有缺陷的产品造成的。.
Outside of these exceptions, the case against the employer is workers’ compensation. However, this does not necessarily end the analysis. Most fatal workplace incidents involve third parties (equipment manufacturers, contractors on the site, property owners, drivers of other vehicles in commercial-driving deaths) who are not protected by workers’ compensation exclusivity. A coordinated case may combine workers’ compensation death benefits against the employer with a wrongful death tort action against a third-party defendant.
Drunk Driving and Alcohol Provider Liability
当酒驾司机造成致命交通事故时,加州的侵权法允许针对该司机提起包括惩罚性赔偿在内的全部死亡赔偿诉讼(根据民事诉讼法典第 3294 条以及 泰勒诉高等法院, , 24 Cal.3d 890 (1979)),但通常不对提供酒水的服务机构追究责任。立法机关废除了对酒精供应商的侵权责任,只有一个狭窄的例外:如果持牌供应商向“任何明显醉酒的未成年人”出售或提供酒精,并导致人身伤害或死亡。商业和职业法典 § 25602.1;; Strang v. Cabrol, 37 Cal.3d 720 (1984).
社交主人根据《民法典》第1714(c)条同样享有豁免权。该例外允许“向其明知或应知未满21周岁的人在其住所提供酒精饮料的父母、监护人或其他成年人”提起索赔。《民法典》第1714(d)(1)条。即使个人收取了酒水费用,该例外也适用。. Ennabe v. Manosa, 58 Cal.4th 697 (2014).
除了明显对未成年人提供酒精的法律责任之外,加州在酒精提供者责任方面基本上是无效的。这是家属最常问的问题之一,诚实的回答通常是赔偿必须来自司机的保险,以及在可能的情况下,来自家庭自身的 UM/UIM 保险。确定额外的被告(车主、如果司机正在处理公司事务则为雇主、其他有过错的第三方)是死亡赔偿律师在案件初期最重要的事情之一。.